The transition from childhood to adulthood is a universal process
that varies greatly by individual and by region, country and
culture. The beginning point of this transition for both females
and males is usually considered the onset of puberty, which
occurs at various ages. There is no clearly defined ending point
for the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Puberty is the physical process of sexual maturation that includes
the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as
breasts for girls and increased pubic hair for boys and girls.
Generally during puberty, males begin to produce sperm and have
their first ejaculation; females have their first menstruation
— called menarche — and begin ovulation. Puberty occurs gradually
over several years.
In addition to becoming physiologically mature during this
transitional stage, youth undergo psychological and cognitive
changes. Young people become less dependent on parents and more
involved with peers. They begin to form identities as individuals
and develop further capacity for interpersonal relationships.
During this time, young people often move from being socially
and financially dependent to being relatively independent. In
certain cultures, other events or processes also help to define
this transition, such as formal initiation practices and traditions.
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