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I. PROGRAM RESOURCES
1. Born to High Risk: Violence against Girls in Africa
2. Briefs Series – reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan
3. Building Blocks: Asia – resources on children affected by HIV/AIDS
4. Child and Youth Participation Resource Guide
5. Closing the Gender Gap in Education: Is There Evidence of Short-term Declines in Adolescent Fertility?
6. Communication Impact: South African HIV/AIDS Serial Drama Helps Decrease Stigma and Improve Behaviors among Youth
7. Creating Partnerships to Prevent Early Marriage in the Amhara Region
8. Dynamic Contextual Analysis
9. Family Life Education: Teaching Adults to Communicate with Youth from a Christian Perspective
10. Growing Up Global Advocacy Kit
11. HIV Prevention with Especially Vulnerable Young People
12. Improving Female Recruitment, Participation, and Retention Among Peer Educators in the Geração BIZ Program in Mozambique
13. Listen, Secrets! Issues and Research by Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Xinjiang and Yunnan, China
14. Pregnancy-related School Dropout and Prior School Performance in South Africa
15. Promoting More Gender-equitable Norms and Behaviors among Young Men as an HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategy
16. Quality Education and HIV & AIDS – Report From UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Education
17. Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Jamaica: "Just a little sex"
18. Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in War and Its Aftermath: Realities, Responses, and Required Resources
19. Socio-Economic Policy Brief: Turning the Tide against HIV/AIDS – Targeting Youth
20. Swept Away: Street Children Detained Illegally in Kigali, Rwanda
21. Toolkit for Monitoring and Implementing the East Asia and Pacific Regional Commitment and Action Plan against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
22. Women's Treatment Literacy Toolkit
23. YouthNet Briefs 10-18
II. RESEARCH SUMMARIES
1. AIDS education for Tanzanian youth: a mediation analysis
2. Bridging the gap between adolescent sexuality and HIV risk: the urban Malaysian perspective
3. Filipino experience of ritual male circumcision: knowledge and insights for anti-circumcision advocacy
4. Gender role and relationship norms among young adults in South Africa: measuring the context of masculinity and HIV risk
5. "It takes two to tango": a study on inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6. Love, lifestyles and the risk of AIDS: the moral worlds of young people in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
7. Partnership dynamics and sexual health risks among male adolescents in the Favelas of Recife, Brazil
8. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: a cross-sectional Malaysian school survey
9. Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: the case against child and adolescent marriage
10. Sexual behavior of young adults in Sri Lanka: implications for HIV prevention
11. Sexual behaviour and condom use among unmarried young men in Cambodia
12. South African adolescents: pathways to risky sexual behavior
13. Young people's sexual and reproductive health rights
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I. PROGRAM RESOURCES
1. Born to High Risk: Violence against Girls in Africa (2006, PDF, 487 KB)
Prepared for a 2006 conference on African children, this report includes a literature review, an analysis of five areas where African girls experience violence, and a retrospective of surveys of girls' experiences of violence.
Contact: info@africanchildforum.org
2. Briefs Series – reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan (2005)
The Population Council of Pakistan, using data from a nationally representative survey, produced briefs on key topics that affect the reproductive health of youth, such as early marriage, discrimination, gender, and poverty.
Culture of Silence (PDF, 4.63 MB)
Discrimination Starts at Home (PDF, 4.33 MB)
The Poverty Trap (PDF, 4.2 MB)
Two Worlds Under the Same Roof (PDF, 4.31 MB)
Contact: info@pcpak.org
3. Building Blocks: Asia – resources on children affected by HIV/AIDS (2006)
This series of publications from the International HIV/AIDS Alliance provides practical information to people working with children affected by HIV/AIDS. The series covers health and nutrition, livelihoods and economic strengthening, education and training, care and psychosocial support, social inclusion, and protection.
Contact: http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw35388.asp
4. Child and Youth Participation Resource Guide (2006, PDF, 2.26 MB)
This annotated bibliography includes key documents on children's participation grouped in four areas: introduction to child and youth participation; research, analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation; participation in program areas; and political decision making. The resource guide includes a CD that contains full-text versions of many of the documents included in the guide.
Contact: chongkolnee@unicef.org
5. Closing the Gender Gap in Education: Is There Evidence of Short-term Declines in Adolescent Fertility? (2006, PDF, 216 KB)
This research commentary analyzes the impact of education, and specifically the gender gap in education, on adolescent fertility since 1998.
Contact: research@popact.org
6. Communication Impact: South African HIV/AIDS Serial Drama Helps Decrease Stigma and Improve Behaviors among Youth (2006, PDF, 513 KB)
This brief from Health Communication Partnership (HCP) describes the impact of a television serial drama about young adults in a rural South African town on attitudes about HIV/AIDS, stigma, living openly and positively with HIV and faithfulness among its viewers.
Contact: orders@jhuccp.org
7. Creating Partnerships to Prevent Early Marriage in the Amhara Region (2006)
This brief document describes work by Pathfinder and local partners to prevent early marriage in Ethiopia, where 50 percent of girls are married before the age of 15. Steps include advocacy with community and religious leaders and community and legal interventions.
Contact: tech-comm@pathfind.org
8. Dynamic Contextual Analysis (2006, PDF, 178 KB)
This 40-page resource describes an approach to designing appropriate and effective youth interventions that take into account the broader social and cultural context in which they live, including political, socio-economic, community, interpersonal, and programmatic context.
Contact: cshr@socsci.soton.ac.uk
9. Family Life Education: Teaching Adults to Communicate with Youth from a Christian Perspective (2006)
This manual produced by FHI/YouthNet includes six workshops and a participant handbook, designed to help parents and other adults in a Christian-based organization to learn and practice communication skills and learn factual information, while using appropriate Bible verses. (A companion volume from a Muslim perspective is scheduled for publication later this year.)
Contact: youthnetpubs@fhi.org
10. Growing Up Global Advocacy Kit (2006)
Advocates for Youth Web site
Population Reference Bureau Web site
This advocacy kit from Advocates for Youth and Population Reference Bureau draws on material from the recent book, Growing Up Global, and is designed to be used to inform advocacy efforts for youth. It includes the world's youth data sheet and two-page briefs summarizing trends and challenges of youth sexual and reproductive health, marriage, parenting, and education.
Contact: popref@prb.org
11. HIV Prevention with Especially Vulnerable Young People (2006, PDF, 1.97 MB)
This document from the Safe Passages to Adulthood program includes five principles for success, three priority fields of action, and case studies from Argentina, Nigeria, Kenya, Iran, and India.
Contact: cshr@socsci.soton.ac.uk
12. Improving Female Recruitment, Participation, and Retention Among Peer Educators in the Geração BIZ Program in Mozambique (2006, PDF, 1.21 MB)
This 40-page document describes an operations research activity that worked to increase the involvement, participation, and retention of girls in peer education programs, with a description of the methodology used, a literature review, and diagnostic analysis.
Contact: information@pathfind.org
13. Listen, Secrets! Issues and Research by Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Xinjiang and Yunnan, China (2006, PDF, 776 KB)
"Listen, secrets" is a combined report on research in two locations in China that are heavily affected by HIV/AIDS, particularly through intravenous drug use. This report focuses on the main concerns of children, their difficulties and expectations, and, particularly, the impact of HIV/AIDS.
Contact: bejingoffice@savethechildren.org.cn
14. Pregnancy-related School Dropout and Prior School Performance in South Africa (PDF, 426 KB)
This working paper examines the factors associated with schoolgirl pregnancy in South Africa as well as the likelihood of school drop out and re-enrollment. The analysis found that prior school performance was associated with becoming pregnant, dropping out, and not returning to school.
Contact: pubinfo@popcouncil.org
15. Promoting More Gender-equitable Norms and Behaviors among Young Men as an HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategy (2006, PDF, 376 KB)
The study examined a range of interventions set in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with groups of men aged 14-25. Before interventions, inequitable gender norms were associated with increased risk of HIV/STIs. The study found that more equitable gender norms and related behaviors can be successfully promoted, and there were significant improvements in HIV/STI outcomes.
Contact: horizons@pcdc.org
16. Quality Education and HIV & AIDS – Report From UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Education (PDF, 4.54 MB)
This paper presents a framework for quality education that demonstrates how education systems can and must change in their analysis and conduct in relation to HIV and AIDS. It summarizes the ten dimensions of the framework – at the level of both the learner and the learning system. A more detailed annex provides evidence on the manifestations of the pandemic on education systems and how systems have responded in practical ways. Some general conclusions are drawn, and a final section promotes some practical and strategic actions.
Contact: info-iatt@unesco.org
17. Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Jamaica: "Just a little sex" (2006)
Amnesty International has prepared an online report that describes the state of sexual violence against women and girls in Jamaica, using interviews and research with representatives from women's organizations, police officers, judges, social workers, lawyers, human rights activists and journalists, as well as women themselves. The report also includes a series of recommendations for action for the Jamaican government and the international community.
Contact: info@amnesty.org
18. Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in War and Its Aftermath: Realities, Responses, and Required Resources (2006, PDF, 240 KB)
This briefing paper from UNFPA for a 2006 symposium on sexual violence in conflict discusses the nature and scope of violence against women and girls in conflict, combating violence against women and girls, and assessing progress.
Contact: donley@unfpa.org
19. Socio-Economic Policy Brief: Turning the Tide against HIV/AIDS – Targeting Youth (2006, PDF, 768 KB)
This four-page brief from United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) reports that poverty, gender discrimination, lack of access to information and health services, and lack of a cohesive policy have increased youth vulnerability to HIV.
Contact: kay.unescap@un.org
20. Swept Away: Street Children Detained Illegally in Kigali, Rwanda (2006, PDF, 183 KB)
French version (PDF, 183 KB)
This paper from Human Rights Watch describes an unofficial detention center in Gikondo, Kigali, Rwanda, where street children, beggars, street vendors, sex workers, and other persons are detained. The facilities and detainees are described as well as legal implications and recommendations.
Contact: hrwnyc@hrw.org
21. Toolkit for Monitoring and Implementing the East Asia and Pacific Regional Commitment and Action Plan against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (2006, PDF, 7.83 MB)
The toolkit from UNESCAP includes tools for developing national plans of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children, information on situational analysis research, and descriptions of pilot projects addressing this issue.
Contact: gad@un.org
22. Women's Treatment Literacy Toolkit (2005)
This easy-to-read toolkit with 12 information sheets, available for download in sections, provides girls and women with accurate and relevant information on accessing antiretroviral treatment, adhering to treatment, and supporting their counterparts. It also contains six discussion cards and two posters to be used in community support groups and an audio-tape for use with women who are unable to read.
Contact: http://www.safaids.org.zw/viewpublications.cfm?linkid=39
23. YouthNet Briefs 10-18 (2006)
YouthNet has released nine, two-page briefs describing its research, country, and technical projects. They cover topics such as peer education, HIV counseling and testing, youth policy, family life education, PMTCT, and more.
Contact: youthnetpubs@fhi.org
II. RESEARCH SUMMARIES
1. AIDS education for Tanzanian youth: a mediation analysis. Stigler MH, Kugler KC, Komro KA, Leshabari MT, Klepp KI. Health Educ Res 2006;21(4).
This paper presents the results of a mediation analysis of Ngao, an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education program that was implemented with Grades 6 and 7 school children in Tanzania in the mid-1990s and evaluated using a controlled, group-randomized trial. The study examined which variables mediated the effect that the Ngao program had in regard to (1) fostering positive attitudes towards people living with AIDS, and (2) decreasing intentions to be sexually active in the near future. Data from students who participated in a baseline and 12-month follow-up survey (n = 814) were analyzed. Results indicated that increasing exposure to AIDS information and increasing knowledge about HIV transmission/prevention were significant mediators of the intervention's effect on alleviating the stigma associated with people living with AIDS. Moreover, encouraging more restrictive social norms about sexual intercourse was a significant mediator of the intervention's effect on decreasing students' intentions to be sexually active in the near future. Implications for future AIDS education programs for school children in this part of Africa designed to achieve similar goals are discussed.
2. Bridging the gap between adolescent sexuality and HIV risk: the urban Malaysian perspective. Ng CJ, Kamal SF. Singapore Med J 2006;47(6).
This study aimed to qualitatively explore adolescents' sexuality and their relation to HIV risk in Malaysia. The study was conducted in 2002 among 16 male and female private college students aged between 18 and 22 years old, all of whom were sexually active. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out. There were definite differences in gender roles in terms of how adolescents perceived sex, selection of sex partners, and communication with their partners. Definitions of stable and casual relationships differed between males and females. Most participants were concerned about pregnancy rather than sexually transmitted diseases or HIV infection when they interpreted safe sex. Reasons for not practicing safe sex include trust between sex partners, complacency, low perception of risk, and negative attitudes towards condom use. These findings were closer to those observed in developed countries. The findings from this study will serve as a guide to plan for local adolescent health education, and can also serve as a basis for more in-depth quantitative and qualitative research on adolescent sexuality.
3. Filipino experience of ritual male circumcision: knowledge and insights for anti-circumcision advocacy. Lee RB. Cult Health Sex 2006;8(3).
Male circumcision is a well-publicized phenomenon, but much of what is known at the international level concerns neonatal medical circumcision in some Western countries and ritual circumcision among young men entering into adulthood in certain countries in Africa. This paper adds to this understanding by focusing on Filipino men's experience of ritual circumcision. Data were derived from a 2002 Philippine circumcision study, which was a component in a Southeast Asian research study of genital enhancement practices with an advocacy purpose. As part of the study, interviews were conducted with 114 circumcised Filipino males, of varying ages, who were selected purposively. The report highlights the important links in this context between circumcision, masculinity, and male identity. It points out the role of the broader community in sustaining such practices and the challenges that must be faced by anti-circumcision campaigners in making their efforts culturally appropriate.
4. Gender role and relationship norms among young adults in South Africa: measuring the context of masculinity and HIV risk. Harrison A, O'sullivan LF, Hoffman S, Dolezal C, Morrell R. J Urban Health 2006;83(4).
Using six culturally specific psychometric scales developed in South Africa, this study examined men's and women's gender roles and relationship norms, attitudes, and beliefs in the context of ongoing partnerships. These measures were then examined in relation to four sexual risk behaviors: frequency of condom use (with primary or secondary partners) and number of partners (last three months and lifetime). Participants included 101 male and 199 female young adults, aged 18-24, recruited from a secondary school in northern KwaZulu/Natal province. Associations between gender and relationship scale scores and sexual risk outcomes yielded both expected and contradictory findings. For men, more frequent condom use was associated with higher levels of partner attachment (hyper-romanticism) but also with stronger approval of relationship violence and dominant behavior. In contrast, for women, more frequent condom use was correlated with a lower endorsement of relationship violence. Men with lower relationship power scores had fewer sexual partners in the preceding three months, while women with more egalitarian sexual scripts reported more sexual partners, as did those with higher hyper-romanticism scores. In logistic regression analysis, more egalitarian relationship norms among men were predictive of less consistent condom use, as were higher relationship power scores for women. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research on gender, heterosexual interactions, and masculinity in this area, as well as the implications for HIV prevention programs.
5. "It takes two to tango": a study on inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geluda K, Bosi ML, da Cunha AJ, Trajman A. Cad Saude Publica 2006;22(8).
To assess gender-related aspects involved in the inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, four focus groups were conducted – two with each gender, two in a public school, and two in a private school –, totaling 34 participants, comparing gender and social status. The resulting material was analyzed using a critical interpretative approach. Among the emerging themes, "gender relations" were chosen, consisting of three dimensions: trust, submission, and initiative. So-called unequal gender power was not detected in the adolescents' discourse, which, however, revealed an apparent inequality in negotiation and initiative in condom use. Differences between public and private schools were subtle. Some changes may be occurring in the field of adolescent sexual behavior. The results indicate the importance of channels for dialogue, taking into account the singularity of groups in order to establish intervention strategies adapted to subjects and different historical and cultural contexts.
6. Love, lifestyles and the risk of AIDS: the moral worlds of young people in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Samuelsen H. Cult Health Sex 2006;8(3).
This paper aimed to explore local moral worlds of young people in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, and discuss how the HIV/AIDS epidemic affects their reflections on their everyday lives and their perceptions of sexual relationships. Based on anthropological fieldwork, including focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and participant observation, a total of 57 young people between 15 and 25 years of age were followed over a three-month period. Using the notion of "lifestyle," the paper shows how structural factors of unemployment and poverty paired with global discourse on AIDS present the young people with frustrations and quandaries in relation to their hopes and images of love, faithfulness, and modern living. The data show that the HIV epidemic contributes to and accelerates their feelings of living in a risk society and of being at risk. In order to cope with these uncertainties and contingencies, local discourses of trust and fidelity become extremely important, and to most young people HIV prevention is synonymous with finding a faithful partner and/or using condoms.
7. Partnership dynamics and sexual health risks among male adolescents in the Favelas of Recife, Brazil. Juarez F, Martin TC. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2006;32(2).
This study sought to examine and learn more about male adolescent sexual and contraceptive patterns within the broader context of partnership dynamics. In May 2000, 1,438 males aged 13-19 living in the urban shantytowns of Recife, Brazil, were surveyed. Adolescents gave detailed partnership, sexual, and contraceptive history data in the form of month-by-month calendars for the prior two years. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between prior and current partnership experience and contraceptive use. Overall, 76% of respondents reported having had at least one partnership in the past two years; 49% of partnerships involved intercourse. On average, steady and casual partnerships lasted 4.7 months and 1.6 months, respectively. Respondents typically had spent 2.8 months of the past two years in a sexual partnership, 1.2 months of which were unprotected by contraceptive use. Of those with a recent partnership, having had a prior sexual partner was associated with elevated odds of being sexually active in the current or most recent partnership (odds ratio, 4.0). In sexually active adolescents, having used contraceptives at first sex or in a former sexual partnership was associated with elevated odds of having used a condom in the current or most recent sexual partnership (7.9 and 6.5, respectively). The paper concludes that prevention programs need to have an accurate portrait of adolescent partnership dynamics, an adequate understanding of adolescent sexuality, and a realistic estimation of actual exposure to risk, so interventions and messages can be tailored to adolescents' realities.
8. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: a cross-sectional Malaysian school survey. Lee LK, Chen PC, Lee KK, Kaur J. Singapore Med J 2006;47(6).
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual intercourse among secondary school students aged 12 to 19 years in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A cross-sectional school survey was conducted on 4,500 adolescent students based on a structured questionnaire. Data were collected using the self-administered questionnaire (translated version of the Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance in Bahasa, Malaysia). Study results showed that 5.4% of the total sample reported to have had sexual intercourse. The proportion among male students who had had sex was higher (8.3%) compared with female students (2.9%). The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 15 years. One percent of students reported that they had been pregnant or had made someone else pregnant. Adolescent sexual intercourse was significantly associated with: (1) socio-demographic factors (age, gender); (2) environmental factors (staying with parents); and (3) substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, drugs), even after adjustment for demographic factors. The survey showed that 20.8% of respondents had taken alcohol, 14.0% had smoked cigarettes, 2.5% had tried marijuana, 1.2% had tried ecstasy pills, 2.6% had tried glue sniffing, 0.7% had tried heroin, and 0.7% had tried intravenous drugs. The paper concludes that the prevalence of sexual intercourse among Malaysian adolescents was relatively low compared to developed countries. However, certain groups of adolescents tend to be at higher risk of engaging in sexual intercourse. This problem should be addressed early by targeting these groups of high-risk adolescents.
9. Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: the case against child and adolescent marriage. Clark S, Bruce J, Dude A. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2006;32(2).
Demographic and Health Survey data from 29 countries in Africa and Latin America were used to examine the frequency of factors that may increase HIV risk in married women aged 15-19. The results revealed that several behavioral and social factors may increase the vulnerability of married female adolescents to HIV infection. First, these young women engage in frequent unprotected sex: In most countries, more than 80% of adolescents who had had unprotected sex during the previous week were married. Second, women who marry young tend to have much older husbands (mean age difference, 5-14 years) and, in polygamous societies, are frequently junior wives, factors that may increase the probability that their husbands are infected and weaken their bargaining power within the marriage. Third, married adolescents have relatively little access to educational and media sources of information about HIV. Finally, the most common AIDS prevention strategies (abstinence, condom use) are not realistic options for many married adolescents. The paper concludes that new policies and interventions, tailored to the sexual and behavioral profiles of women in each country, are needed to address the vulnerabilities of adolescent wives. In some countries, delaying age at marriage may be an important strategy; in others, making intercourse within marriage safer may be more valuable.
10. Sexual behavior of young adults in Sri Lanka: implications for HIV prevention. Perera B, Reece M. AIDS Care 2006;18(5).
Using a two-staged clustered sampling method to achieve a geographically representative sample of young adults in Sri Lanka, data related to sexual behaviors were collected from 3,134 individuals aged 18-20 years. Over half of the males and approximately one-third of the females reported that they were sexually active at the time of the study, with penetrative sexual experiences reported by 20.1% of males and 3.1% of females. Only 26.5% of males and less than 10% of females reported having ever used a condom when participating in vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse. The findings of this study suggest that unique partnerships between both governmental and non-governmental entities, both within and outside Sri Lanka and particularly those that involve young adults, may help to maintain this country's low HIV incidence.
11. Sexual behaviour and condom use among unmarried young men in Cambodia. Douthwaite MR, Saroun L. AIDS Care 2006;18(5).
This paper describes the sexual behavior of 665 unmarried men aged 15-24, and explores the factors associated with condom use at last intercourse. Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey conducted in economically marginal areas of Phnom Penh and Kratie town, Cambodia. One-third of respondents reported intercourse and half had had sex by the time they were 23. Of these, 39% had given money or gifts in exchange for sex. Transactional sex often occurred in the company of other males, and condom use was higher among those males compared with those who were alone. Of all sexually active respondents, half reported three or more partners, and 71% used a condom at last sex. Regression results showed that condom use varied by type of partner, was less likely among males outside the education system, and higher among those more positive and informed about condoms. The findings highlight the need for HIV prevention efforts to encourage young men to use condoms with all intimate partners, promote advantages of condoms for both disease and pregnancy prevention, and address the needs of young men no longer in education. The paper concludes that further research to understand the positive influence that peers have on condom use in certain circumstances would be useful.
12. South African adolescents: pathways to risky sexual behavior. Brook DW, Morojele NK, Zhang C, Brook JS. AIDS Educ Prev 2006;18(3).
This study tested a developmental model of pathways to risky sexual behavior among South African adolescents. Participants included 633 adolescents, 12-17 years old, recruited from households in Durban, South Africa. Data were collected using in-person interviews. Topics included adolescents' sexual behaviors, household poverty levels, vulnerable personality and behavioral attributes, parent-child relations, and deviant peers. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the pathways to risky sexual behavior among the adolescents. One major pathway indicated that family poverty was associated with difficulty in the parent-child relationship. This was related to vulnerable personality and behavioral attributes and to association with deviant peers, which, in turn, were related to risky sexual behavior. Findings suggest that poverty, parent-child relations, personality and behavioral vulnerabilities, and peer influences should be among factors addressed by prevention and intervention programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors by South African adolescents.
13. Young people's sexual and reproductive health rights. Sundby J. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006;20(3).
Worldwide, evidence demonstrates that informed young people demonstrate more protective behaviors than uninformed young people. This paper addresses how programs can meet the reproductive rights of young clients, especially females, in a human rights and reproductive rights framework, as well as in clinical practices, while safeguarding their health and ensuring their sexual safety.
